提高蛋白质乳化功能性的研究

蛋白质是食品加工中的重要原料,其乳化性对食品品质非常重要。本文综述了通过物理改性、化学改性、生物酶法改性、基因工程改性及复合改性等方法技术来提高食品蛋白质的乳化功能性,并为今后食品蛋白质加工过程中利用改性方法来提高乳化性提供一定理论基础和新的思路。     

Y型网式过滤器堵塞过程对有机肥浓度的响应研究

为研究水肥一体化设备中用于过滤有机肥的Y型网式过滤器的堵塞规律,对Y型网式过滤器在初始流量500 L/h、水源压力117.6 k Pa下,设置25、30、40、50 g/L共4种黄腐酸钾有机肥肥液质量浓度,进行了过滤器堵塞试验,分析了Y型网式过滤器的局部水头损失与单个滤孔滤网清洁度(单个滤孔有效过水断面面积与孔隙总面积比值) S/S0的关系,并利用XRD分析了过滤器内堵塞物质的成分。结果表明:肥液质量浓度对过滤器滤网清洁度影响显著,建议肥液质量浓度不超过40 g/L;过滤器局部水头损失在S/S0减小到10%后才逐渐开始增大,过滤器局部水头损失与滤网清洁度、肥液质量浓度有关,利用多项式拟合给出了过滤器滤网清洁度与肥液质量浓度、施肥持续时间的关系式及局部水头损失与肥液质量浓度、滤网清洁度的关系式;滤网堵塞物质主要成分为硫酸钙、草酸钙。本研究结果可为水肥一体化设备中过滤器的选择提供理论参考。     

金寨毛竹纤维形态及化学成分

通过离析法制取毛竹纤维,观察并记录纤维长度和宽度,计算纤维长宽比,按照国家标准分别测定化学成分质量分数,以此对3~5年生金寨毛竹不同竹干高度、径向的纤维形态和化学成分进行研究。结果表明:3~5年生金寨毛竹平均纤维长度均大于1500μm,且随着竹龄的增加而增加,而在高度上变异规律不明显;平均纤维长宽比均大于100,在竹干高度为5.5 m处达到最大值;灰分质量分数随竹龄的增加而减小,随竹干高度的增加而增加;综纤维素质量分数随竹龄的增加而增加,随竹干高度的增加趋于稳定;苯醇抽提物和纤维素质量分数随竹龄增加先减小再增加。综上可知,金寨毛竹是优良的造纸原料。     

Comparison of effects of dietary‐specific fatty acids on growth and lipid metabolism in Nile tilapia

The dominant fatty acids (FAs) in oils are often used to explain different nutritional effects of dietary oils in fish. However, the amounts of dominant FAs among oils are different, and the nutritional roles of these important FAs in fish have not been precisely compared at similar levels in feeding trials. In the present study, different amounts of palmitic acid were added to safflower oil (SO), olive oil (OO) and fish oil (FO) to obtain comparable amounts (about 550 g/kg of total FAs) of 18:2n‐6, 18:1n‐9 and 20:5n‐3 + 22:6n‐3 and subsequently fed to Nile tilapia (11.1 ± 0.01 g) for 8 weeks. The results showed similar growth among groups but FO group obtained lower fat deposition, serum ALT and AST activities, compared to OO. Lipogenesis‐related gene expressions were higher in OO group than FO group in liver, muscle and adipose tissue, but there were only few differences in these genes between SO and FO groups. Lipid catabolism genes in FO group were higher than OO and SO groups in adipose tissue, but not in muscle, and the significantly higher expressions of CPT1b and PPARα were only observed in liver. Overall, dietary 18:2n‐6, 20:5n‐3 and 22:6n‐3 were beneficial to normal growth and lipid metabolism, whereas high amount of 18:1n‐9 induced lipid deposition and liver damage in Nile tilapia.     

新营养健康资源:白背天葵的研究进展

本文介绍了白背天葵的基本概况,包括生物学特性、来源与分布、栽培种植技术,系统地综述了营养价值、活性物质组成及生物学功效,并从中医学理论对其药理作用进行了阐述。此外,全面分析了白背天葵的研发现状及存在的问题,并对其研究前景进行了相应的展望,以期为白背天葵的研发利用提供理论依据,为食品工业的发展提供新的动力。     

栅藻B38营养成分分析及蛋白质营养价值评价

对栅藻B38的营养成分进行了全面分析,结果表明,栅藻藻粉中油脂含量14%,总糖含量13.86%,粗纤维3.52%,灰分4.28%,蛋白质49.0%,为高蛋白质类微藻。栅藻B38中含有23种脂肪酸。栅藻B38中氨基酸总量为852.58 mg/g,必需氨基酸占总氨基酸的47.45%,必需氨基酸指数为85.42%。两种模式的氨基酸比值系数分较接近,均在65以上;待评价物质的氨基酸品质与模式蛋白的贴近度接近1(0.93和0.88)。栅藻B38中共检测出23种矿物质元素,其中钠、钾、钙、镁、铁、铝含量较为丰富。重金属的含量均低于国家食品卫生标准。栅藻B38中维生素B3(106.02 mg/100 g)和维生素E(540.77 mg/100 g)的量较高。综上,栅藻B38的营养较丰富,可以进一步开发利用。     

云南怒江傈僳族自治州古树名木资源现状调查

对怒江傈僳族自治州人为活动区域古树名木资源现状进行调查。结果表明:共记录到古树名木496株,涉及36科54属76种,其中有8种国家重点保护野生植物,分别为澜沧黄杉、秃杉、南方红豆杉、云南榧树、千果榄仁、红椿、光叶珙桐和香果树;怒江州古树名木主要分布在乡村街道及远郊野外,占总数的98.8%,63.6%的古树生长在海拔1500~1999 m;古树名木的生长环境及长势总体较好,但保护力度相对薄弱,应采取相关措施加强保护和管理。     

采食后奶牛瘤胃短链脂肪酸及其吸收相关蛋白表达的研究

本试验旨在研究奶牛采食前后瘤胃中短链脂肪酸(SCFA)浓度的变化及其吸收相关蛋白表达量的差异。试验选用3头体重(720±30)kg且装有瘘管的健康荷斯坦牛(动物伦理审查编号为SXAU-EAW-2019-C002013),采食精粗比为40:60的日粮(10kg),试验预试期10d,于第11天饲喂前开始取样,采用气相色谱法检测奶牛采食前(0 h)和采食后(1、2、3、4、5、6、7、8 h)瘤胃液中SCFA浓度;并采用荧光定量PCR方法检测瘤胃上皮组织中与SCFA吸收相关的蛋白表达量。结果表明:在采食后1 h奶牛瘤胃中SCFA浓度最高(P<0.05);在采食后一段时间内(2~5h)与SCFA吸收相关蛋白表达量上调(P<0.05),AE2、MCT1基因表达量均在5 h最高,PAT1、NHE3基因表达量均在4 h最高,MCT4基因表达量在4、5、6h均较高,NHE1基因表达量在2h达到最高;AE2、MCT1、MCT4、NHE1基因表达量与SCFA浓度负相关或正相关(P<0.05),AE2、MCT1、MCT4基因表达量与瘤胃内pH正相关(P<0.05)。以上结果初步揭示,在采食后一定时间内,瘤胃中与SCFA吸收相关蛋白表达受SCFA浓度和pH的调节。     

椰子水化学组成及其影响因素

椰子水是一种古老的热带饮料，以其天然、纯净、营养和功能特性受到越来越多的消费者的喜爱，并引起了众多饮料生产商的关注。椰子水主要是指来源于未成熟的椰子果腔内部的水状液体，汁清如水、入口清甜、晶莹透亮、清凉解渴。椰子水中的固形物含量比较低（2%~5%湿基），主要成分是糖和矿物元素，还有少量的蛋白质、氨基酸及其他微量成分，是一种营养丰富的天然运动和功能性饮料。椰子水的比例、总固形物含量、总糖、还原糖与总糖之比等指标是衡量椰子水质量的重要标准，可作为选育适合饮用椰子的指标。矮种椰子一般适合作为饮料用椰子品种。此外，椰子水还可作为植物组织培养和微生物发酵用基质。椰子水之所以用途广泛主要取决于其独一无二的化学组成，包括糖、维生素、矿物质和氨基酸等。本文主要综述至今文献报道相关椰子水化学组成及其影响因素方面的研究情况。     

Seasonal Changes in Quality and Fatty Acid Composition of Black Mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis)

The study was designed to assess the seasonal variations in the quality and lipid profile of mussel meat (Mytilus galloprovincialis) harvested along the Bulgarian coast of the Black Sea. The trial period lasted from June to October, and the sampling was carried out in the area of Varna Bay. Technological quality of the mussels was determined by measuring the water holding capacity (WHC) and cooking and roasting losses. Proximate composition, total aerobic plate count, and fatty acid analysis were carried out. Technological parameters and nutritional quality of the mussel meat were strongly affected by the season. During the summer, the mussels had higher mass, meat content, and meat yield (p < 0.001) compared to the early autumn, which corresponds to the lowest protein content during this season. Lipid profile showed seasonal variations in both individual and total fatty acid amounts (p < 0.001). Saturated fatty acids (SFA) had the highest content in summer, while monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) decreased gradually until the autumn. The content of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) reached its peak in October, contributing to the most favorable values of the nutritional indices of lipids in the early autumn.